IO – Marian Pastor a Filipina, curator and political analyst who examines political writings on art and culture spoke at the launch of Dolorosa Sinaga’s exhibition at the beginning of this year about art and activism across the Southeast Asian Archipelago. In her talk she spoke in particular about the poetics of the body of political rights discourses to be seen in Dolorosa Sinaga’s work. Pastor appreciates the clarity Dolorosa’s work offers and how her sculptures do not look away from political complexities. “Her work obliges reflection on authority, fundamentalism and other political factors as well as the political response of kindness in Indonesia’s turbulent history. She produces art more in the interaction of people as opposed to the image of the heroic loner.”
When and how did Dolorasa’s sculptors transform themselves and acquire as Director General of Culture, Hilmar Farid puts it “a deeper level than just social comment”? How did social comment turn into social conscience? It is a long story which necessitates looking at Dolorosa’s life and struggles.
When she wanted to go to art school Dolorosa’s father was dead set against it. “I used to talk back at my father. No one else dared to so I was his sparring partner. As a result, he respected me but he could get very angry with me. Once he refused to speak to me for a whole year. He did not want me to become an artist but I showed him that I would not move from what I wanted. He wanted me to become a priest and was constantly talking about religion. I did not care for religion then and felt confused because of all the discrimination in it. Only certain people would get to go to heaven. Only certain people were blessed. Luckily my mother was very supportive and behind my father’s back she would slip me money to buy paper and paints and university fees although that only lasted two years before my father began to pay them himself.
When I was in my second year at IKJ I took part in a national competition for fine arts and won first prize. This is when my father first began to realize that he would not be able to get me to become a priest and after I returned from England my father was far more open towards me. It was then that he began to believe in me. He had already succeeded in his own line of work in Jakarta as the founder of the Bumi Asih insurance group and was much calmer. He even supported me by giving me a large two-hectare piece of land where my studio is now, Somalaing Art Studio. That meant a lot to me and our relationship changed and then slowly I developed a special connection with him.”
At IKJ or the Jakarta Arts Institute, Dolorosa studied all the expressive arts i.e. painting, sculpture, cinematography and etchings. “It was my lecturer, Rusman Efendi who first challenged me to try sculpture and once I had done that I no longer wanted to paint or to etch at all. I enjoyed doing something physical with my hands which was not two dimensional. It’s very physically expressive and you engage yourself and really work. I liked that.”
IKJ was also to have a strong influence on her as it was here that she began to be aware of human rights activities as she witnessed the protests and demonstrations beginning with the MALARI demonstrations in the 1970s. “I saw students near my house near Universitas 17 Augustus taken away by military trucks. It remained imprinted in my mind because they were thrown into those trucks. I saw this from my house and it was a very scary visual experience. It made me start to think, “What is happening here?”
In 1997 after her time in England Dolorosa returned to Indonesia and says, “Besides teaching at IKJ (where through her love of music she met her husband Arjuna Hutagalung who taught music there) I created a discussion group on my land where my studio was located together with Hilmar Farid whose thesis was about Pramoedya Anantatur. The group was called the Diskusi Bulan Purnama or the Full Moon Discussion Group and it was in part to come to know human rights defenders as well as artists. Discussions could be about human rights, politics, art, culture or women’s rights. Members from many different human rights groups participated such as LBH or Lembaga Bantuan Hukum (the Legal Aid Institute), Forum 65, Oncor and many more including later the International People’s Tribunal 1965.” There Dolorosa came to known many of Indonesia’s civil rights activists.
One of the first to bring her into the field of human rights and introduce Dolorosa to other activists was Semsar Siahaan, a Batak artist and sculptor who lived in Bandung and whose art recorded the moral decay of Indonesian society. Sem as he was affectionately known was also an environmentalist and he frequently held protests. “I came to know him when I was at IKJ. Our fathers were friends. He was close friends with Wiji Tukul, a stone mason who became a poet and labour activist and went missing in 1998. Together they formed a movement with 5 friends who often criticized the Suharto government. Sem had to leave ITB because of his activism against the government and received asylum in Canada. He influenced many Indonesian artists who felt a need to engage in political issues in the 1980s and 90s. Unfortunately, he died of a heart attack in Bali in 2005.”
Dolorosa was devastated and she remembers sadly how 10 minutes before his death an enormous black butterfly flew across her face. Another activist who influenced her was Arjuna who helped create the Oncor group which is a community active in theatre, dance and discussions. The experience with her activist friends introduced her to so many of the important things that she feels we need to care about.
Once there was a dialogue at the Oncor group between Goenawan Muhamad and Sitor Situmorang about issues such as Manikebu and Lekra and later through Sam and Arjuna she came to meet Pramoedya Anantatur. He was very angry with the government, she commented. Then added that he would never forget how the government had imprisoned him and tortured him until he lost his hearing. “He always said that as a victim of 1965 he did not hate but he could never forgive. I think he was telling us something important: it’s not about hate but about a violation that had occurred which needed to be addressed. So, in a way he taught us about what happened at that time.”
In 2017 Dolorosa addressed the 1965 human rights abuse in her two dimensional work entitled Fifty Years of Silence International People’s Tribunal. It was banned from an exhibition at the Komnas Perempuan the morning after the opening of the exhibition as the government did not want her to socialize the tribunal which had been created by Indonesian lawyer Nursyahbani Katjasungkana and Prof. Dr. Saskia E. Wieringa to judge the 1965 massacre of Communists. In the final report of the tribunal, they issued a condemnation of the events of 1965. However, the International People’s Tribunal was not a criminal court and did not have the mandate to carry out any sanctions, punishments or compensation for the victims. Dolorosa says, “I am trying to make sculptures that engage with the things that I try to express. My thesis is how I see life. It can be through women, through men, through an event that is a human experience. I don’t choose. I notice that I become very involved with where ever my empathy lies and I try to express this through my sculptures.”
She frequently uses figures of women in her sculptures either alone carrying their burdens or united in struggling for freedom, always reflecting an undying power in their vulnerability. One moving example of this is her sculpture entitled We Will Fight. It is a sculpture that displays the influence of Kathe Kollwitz naturalism and Munch’s psychological terror. The figure which consists of several women together in disarray reflecting terror is about mass evictions. The figure of women is more appropriate here as men may leave the house as they please but women are all too frequently tied to the house because of their children.
However, it must be said that Dolorosa’s talent is not only at its best but appears most comfortable when sculpting the figures of women and expressing their emotions at the challenges they face. She is very apt in her displays of women’s emotions through the movements and poses of their bodies. The viewer immediately senses the anguish in her The Wailing and the anger and energy in Dolorosa’s Avanti II. At the same time, she is also perfectly capable of beautifully expressing a woman’s elegance through her sculptures as in The Dance of Love II and a woman’s utter joy and freedom in Sufi Dancer II. St Martin’s did well in teaching her about the anatomy of the human body and how it expresses emotions.
However, to return to our question: how did social comment turn into social conscience?
As with most people in Dolorosa’s case the experiences of her life led her there and in that we must perhaps take into consideration not only the experiences of her university life, her discussion group, her meetings with activists and the events of Indonesian history itself – but perhaps also the endless crying of a little girl who was rejected and understood pain and sadness and the figure of Sister Maria Dolorosa who said, “No, you are special” to that little girl which perhaps later brought home the lesson of the political response of kindness – as Marion Pastor put it.
Dolorosa’s sculptures have been on display in such places as the IMF Gallery in Washington, the Jakarta Women’s Human Rights Commission building, the Bank of Indonesia, the Soll Art Gallery in Chianti, Italy. Her Semangat Angkatan 66 or the Spirit of the Generation of 66 stands in Jalan Rasuna Said. She has held 7 solo exhibitions of her sculptures since 2001.
When speaking about what is important Dolorosa explained, “During my student days I did not have this thought about what is important in life. At that time, I just wanted to use every minute of my life as an important experience. I just knew that I would go mad if I did not sculpt. I have slowly come to realize that for me what is most important in life is to do something meaningful and make one’s life meaningful… and that is what I have tried to do through my art… through my sculptures… through my life” (Tamalia Alisjahbana)
If you enjoyed reading this article you may also enjoy Part I of the article: https://observerid.com/dolorosa-sinaga-indonesian-sculptor-with-a-social-conscience-part-i-the-spiritual-evolution-of-an-artist/
